A Study Of The Ghaf Tree

A Study Of The Ghaf Tree The Ghaf tree also known as Prosopis cineraria has been an essential part of the UAEs distinctive desert environment and the civilization that have emerged here in the Emirates. Ghaf tree culturally and traditionally is as valuable and precious as it is ecologically. Groves of ghaf grow naturally in the desert sands and wide wadis in all emirates, but unfortunately they are becoming extinct. In this project we will discuss the causes of extinction of the Ghaf tree, why it is threatened and the impacts that could lead to the extinction of the Ghaf tree. Forests are fabulous places, were you can see different types of Insects, mammals and birds. They are also places that embrace various flowers, trees and grasses. Actually, this sight maybe a good explanation that illustrates the term Biodiversity. Biodiversity is a vague word that has many definitions among researchers and scientists. In fact, researchers have different definitions according to their different goals, perspectives and values. Takacs (1996) defined the biodiversity as a full variety of life on Earth, while Chadwick (1993) thinks that this word is simply defined as nature or wilderness. However, the general idea among all the researchers is that the biodiversity is the study of the process that makes and sustains the variation of the species on the earth (redpath-museum, 2010). It illustrates the idea of the relationship between the individual and the population, and the population with the community. Moreover, biodiversity is considered as a part of nature because it plays a big role in affecting animals and plants in both terrestrial and aquatic biomes (Ecosystem, 2008). Due to researches, there are three main types of biodiversity. The first type is the ecological or ecosystem diversity. An ecosystem is a structure which includes living organisms and non living organisms functioning together to maintain the life cycle (Ecosystem, 2008). The ecological diversity refers to the total of different types of ecosystems with the different species within them. The diversity of species within an ecosystem is affected by the ecosystem itself. That is because each species need a different habitat that it is suitable to live and reproduce within it. The second type is the species diversity. It means the number of plants and animals that exist in an area. Essentially, some regions are richer of species than other regions. For example, the tropical forests have much more species than other regions like the poles. The third type is the genetic diversity. This type explains that each member or individual within a species is different from the other members from the same species (BIODIVERSITY, 2010). The differences are in the genetic structure that gives each member his own characteristics. A clear example for the genetic biodiversity is the human beings. Each person has different characteristics than the others because of the genetic building in each one of them. In fact, the genetic diversity is crucial for the species health and diversity because it keeps the diversity among individuals and therefore protects the species from being extinct. In this project, we are concerning on one species from the allover species on the earth which is the the Ghaf tree. The Ghaf trees classification is as follows: kingdom: plantae, Phylum: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Family: Fabaceae, Genus: Prosopis, Species: cineraria(ARkive, 2010). Thus, we can point that the scientific name of that tree is Prosopis cineraria. There are many local names for this tree. For example, it is known as Ghaf for Arabian, jandior khejri for Indian, and jand for Pakistani. (Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). Since the species is considered as a plant, it is a producer. That means that the species stands in the first trophic level (uaehoverfly, 2010). The Prosopis cineraria is a moderate sized evergreen thorny tree (experiencefestival, 2010) of 3-5 m high (Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). It is considered as a rapid growing tree that resists the dryness and the arid conditions because of the variability of the trees growth (Asian Agri-History, 2004). Moreover, it resists the hot weather and the dry and hot winds. Thus, it is considered as one of the most species that withstood the difficult conditions of environment. It has also a dense shade that kills the seedling (experiencefestival, 2010). Its roots are fast growing even more than the upper part of it. They are long enough that it can use the water in the deep soil layers. As reports say, the Ghaf tree roots may reach to a depth of 35 meters (experience festival, 2010). The leaves are glabrous which are mostly green but seems to be gray when it gets dry (Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). It produces a yellow flowers near the summer between March to May, in the time which most of the plants are leafless. Actually this occurs at an early age when the tree is five years old. The Ghaf tree is planted and grown in arid places were the climate is dry and the maximum temperatures varies from 48 deg C to 52 deg C while the annual rainfall is 120 mm to 250 mm(Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). It is mostly grown on sandy soils where the lower part is moisture to help its roots to get water. The relational position (sciencedaily, 2010) of the Ghaf tree among the ecosystem is high and strong. It has a historical story with the people who lived in rural places were this species actually grow. The reason is that this tree is a legume that helps to fertile the soil. Moreover, it has a big role in stabling the sand dunes and the agriculture harvests because of the deep roots it owns, the ability of fixing the nitrogen and the ability of providing the soil with important organic substances (Asian Agri-History, 2004). Also, this tree is a main source of getting fuel wood, fodder and medicines. In fact, this tree plays an important role in sustaining the delicate and the dry ecosystems. Researchers insure by the datas support that the Prosopis cineraria has the priority in the improvement that contains fragile areas (Asian Agri-History, 2004). Figure 1: The Species Distribution In The World. Figure (1) below shows the world map pointed with the countries in which the Ghaf tree is planted. According to the figure, the species is planted in such specific countries like Afghanistan, dry areas of Central and Southern India, West Iran and Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (Agroforestry Database 4.0, 2009). However, the species can be planted in other countries science the environmental and climatic conditions mentioned above are available in them. The evidence of that is it that the species is invasive to other countries like the United Arab Emirates. In other words, this species cannot be planted in anywhere except those which are pointed in the figure, but it can be invasive to some parts of the world where the conditions are suitable. Student 2: Status An endangered species is a group of living organisms which face a significant risk of being extinct in the near future or disappearance from earth if a solution is not discovered . Extinction happens for a number of different reasons such as change of climate , natural disasters, drop in the number of species ,oil spills by humans, acid rains, water pollution, and last but not least over-hunting by humans. Al Ghaf tree or Prosopis cineraria as a scientific name, is one of the most famous and spread trees in the UAE. It has a very important national status , it was composed for a long time apart from the desert nature of UAE, so it has a very historical status, Ghaf tree grows in UAE deserts and valleys as a natural tree, especially in the eastern part of UAE. It belongs to the dry region plants as a thorny tree. It is an evergreen tree with slender branches armed with conical thorns and with light bluish-green foliage; its height is more than 7 meters. This tree has been around for centuries , and it is considered to be one of the most important trees for the natural balance , it increases the vitality of the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen (Saving the Arabian ghaf tree, 2006). The ghaf tree is considered to be endangered for reasons such as ignorance of the importance of this tree as it doesnt get the support and care that it should get , Camels have increased lately and camels depends on ghaf tree as a source of food, Cutting its branches as fodder , Lack of groundwater, as experts are always looking for groundwater to use it for everyday life and agriculture needs. The Ghaf tree grows separately or in groups, and it can afford all desert difficulties because of its long and deep roots which extend to more than 30 meters underground (The Prosopis cineraria, 2010 ), It has a massive and nested branches, that is why it is called the umbrella tree or the dunes tree as it grows in deserts dunes. Al Ghaf is one of the most important trees for the natural balance, it increases the vitality of the soil by producing Neutrogen. Ghaf was used in the past in cooking; getting food, wood as a material for building roofs, and for garnishing and decorating (Al Ghaf tree report, 2009). Unfortunately, Ghaf tree is missing real care and support. Reasons for Extinction Ignorance of the importance of this tree as it doesnt get the support and care that it should get . Urban expansion which leads to getting rid of and cutting such trees. Camels have increased lately and they depends on ghaf tree as a source of food. Cutting its branches as fodder. Lack of groundwater, as experts are always looking for groundwater to use it for life and agriculture needs. Sadly , the ghaf tree has fallen a victim to human destruction of the environment all for the selfishness of us human beings and that is what lead to the ghaf tree being endangered. Human impact is one of the most affecting reasons in the ghaf trees disappearance because of urban booming and infrastructure, and whats most important is peoples ignorance as to the importance of this tree. Government and societies should spread knowledge about this tree by creating events held specifically in order to save the ghaf tree . Governments should also try to state laws and punishments in order to save this tree from over cutting and demolishing that could eventually lead to extinction. Many domestic societies are looking forward to adopting the ghaf tree as a symbol for the UAEs natural culture and in different fields as well for its important status (Saving the ghaf tree, 2007). Figure 2 shows the popularity of the ghaf tree over the years. This table shows us that the ghaf tree is not well-known and that explains the ignorance that is associated towards this tree. Figure 2: Popularity of Al-Ghaf Tree Over Time Source: (Popularity of Prosopis Cineraria over time, 2007) Student 3: Causes of Extinction The Ghaf tree is under threat of extinction. The plant has been realized by several environmentalists and social scientists in the United Arab Emirates as a symbol of the natural history of the country and a tree that carries several values. The tree has been under such threat due to several reasons some of which have occurred in past circumstances while others due to current circumstances. Past reasons of extinction include distortions in the ecosystem and lack of natural water resources while present reasons include urbanization and public ignorance. The Ghaf tree has been an essential food source, as well as a source of fuel, shelter and medicine. Its leaves were once used instead of rice, its elongated pods provide fodder for animals which in turn supply milk, butter, cheese and meat (WWF 2008). The tree is well known to provide food for the ecosystem members such as insects, small birds and reptiles and its presence is indeed a signal of underground water. Due to such facts, the rise in number of camels in the region brought by the economic boom of the region has resulted in a distortion of this ecosystem. There are over 250,000 camels in the UAE that graze and coppice over the Ghaf trees (FAOSTAT 2004). Also in the past, when agriculture was a larger sector of the UAE economy ground water was used for irrigation of such plantations this has possessed a greater risk of depriving hydration for the Ghaf trees and has resulted in the death of many of the trees. The current reasons of extinction threat towards the Ghaf tree include the urbanization and fast development of the region along with public ignorance. The UAEs economic boom has brought a large population growth followed by a demand for real estate. Such a demand created the need for urban development including infrastructural foundations such as highways, electric lines, underground water pipelines and more. This has resulted in the removal several fauna and flora from the region including the Ghaf tree. In accordance the ecosystem has also been further affected irreversibly where birds have migrated away that used the Ghaf tree leaves as a source of food. The reproduction rate of the Ghaf is incomparable to the rate of their decease in the region, whereas according to Razan Khalifa, managing director of the Emirates Wildlife Society: given that the ghaf is a slow grower, over-lopping is extremely harmful to its numbers. Land clearance for developmental projects [;] Many ghaf trees among others are ruthlessly chopped down to make way for modern projects in the desert (Al Majaida 2006). Measures Taken The first measures taken in the United Arab Emirates was taken by the former president of the UAE, H.H Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan that was very passionate about conservation and environmental issues. The former president used to keep Ghaf trees that were found in his palace areas encompassed within a circle of bricks in order to prevent its removal. The former UAE president also placed a law that banned the chopping of Ghaf trees in the areas of Abu Dhabi and Al Ain. He also provided grants for environmentalists that intended to find solutions for elongating their survival and he provided subsidies to the municipalities of the region to spread the tree in the region. In 2006 the Emirates Wildlife Society along with the Al Fahim Group launched a campaign to save the Al Ghaf tree in which visitors of the web site campaign and vote to elect the tree as the national symbol of historical nature in the United Arab Emirates calling for government support to take actions to prevent the extinction of the tree (De Roy 2006). Furthermore, the web site is titled savetheghaftree.org aims to spread awareness about three by sending out public relation tools such as newsletters and posters in order to educate subscribers about the importance of preserving the heritage and natural culture of the United Arab Emirates. The strategic alliances of this campaign included AMEinfo.com, Al Fahim Group, Emirates Wildlife Society in association with World Wildlife Fund, UAE-based publishing houses such as Ahlan magazine by ITP, UAE nationals and desert lovers from all nationalities within the UAE. The campaign has been designed to target media through mall promotions for a two month period between the end of 2006 and the beginning of the following year. Moreover, the web site includes interactive media that allows subscribers to create their own Ghaf garden and compare their performances with one another. The concept follows on to translate virtual objectivity into reality in which the Emirates Wildlife Society with the sponsorship of the Al Fahim Group will plant an actual Ghaf tree in conserved groves for every ten virtual Ghaf trees grown online. Finally the online portal allows visitors to discuss stories about the Ghaf tree where pictures, designs, thoughts and suggestions can be shared among groups of people. The results of the campaign came as impressive in less than a year where more than a thousand trees have been planted within less than ten weeks online and a hundred trees were planted by Al Fahim Group and the EWS. Email blasts have resulted in the voting for the Ghaf tree as a national symbol to reach more than three thousand votes. The news spread to government entities such as the Abu Dhabi government that have placed efforts to spread such awareness among schools and their own department in terms of seeking the conservation and protection of the Ghaf tree. The media has also followed up on the campaign by adding television interviews. This was also followed by more environmentalists pursuing research on the Ghaf tree and finding appropriate soil conditions to elongate life spans. To further strengthen the campaign the Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority and the Abu Dhabi Culture and Heritage Authority provided voting ballot cards from the campaign in their advertisements, flyers and inv itations during the 4th Abu Dhabi Classical Music Festival (De Roy 2006). The Horticulture Department of the Dubai Municipality has also taken deep measures in 2008 to save the Ghaf tree by spreading it all around the parks in the city of Dubai. The Al Mushrif Forest Park in Deira, off Al Khawaneej area, is home to almost sixty thousand trees. Due to the requirement of water for the survival of the Ghaf tree the municipality has placed intensive efforts in planting new Ghaf trees and relocating more than seven thousand trees from areas all over Dubai such Al Barsha to the park in spots that contain more water and are more hydration accessible (Al Khan 2008). This can also be shown in figure 3 where according to environmental researches Ghaf trees in Dubai have lost average radiuses meaning that lack of water is signaling the relocation of the trees to water abundant areas: Figure 3: Size Distribution of Ghaf trees in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve It is important to note here that such an effort is significant due to the nature of the Ghaf tree that grows a long root tap in natural conditions, almost 30 meters, whereas its translocation can sever its roots and these trees may therefore be reliant on artificial irrigation for many years (Gardner Howarth 2009). Call to Action Source: Gallacher Hill (2005) The government of the UAE can spread the awareness of the Ghaf tree by starting such awareness within schools and placing the tree as a national symbol in the UAE society curriculums that students study in schools. The government can also provide incentives for environmental companies and research groups with the UAE and the GCC in order to spread the awareness and provide a long term growth strategy for the clusters of the Ghaf trees in the region. In addition, the government can also provide more campaigns in malls and population-intensive areas to spread the awareness. A great example would be placing a plastic model of the tree in the middle of mall or using the ghaf tree on the national day along with the UAE cultural identity to enhance its importance and vitality to ensuring the natural heritage of the nation. Finally the government can provide shuttle buses for the public in order to visit Ghaf tree areas and give them a tour of the place. Another suggestion starts from the individual point of view. The ghaf tree is being in threat of extinction due to other factors as well such as pollution and the over usage of water. In order to start that individual incentive it is important to fulfill self-conscience satisfaction when an individual saves a Ghaf tree. This can be done by saving water and looking at the difference consumption levels of water and hence using some of the saved water to visit ghaf trees and place water at these sites. The media is one of the strongest tools for changing opinions and driving trends in a society. It can play a strong role in saving the Ghaf tree and idolizing it as the UAE environmental symbol. The media is divided according to the mediums of channeling a communicatory message, that is, by radio, television or public relations. Television campaigns suggested can include environmental game shows that ask audience questions about the environment in which the ghaf tree can be used. As for radio campaigns, competitions in early morning shows during high peak times can be broadcasted in order to spread the message about the Ghaf tree. As for public relations, holding press conferences and events for environmentalists that show results of the previous campaign in the UAE can be very important to show how the tree has changed the environment and how opinions in the region have changed as a result of such campaigns. Public relations are a strong tool to alter readers opinion on the long run as compared to advertising. Finally, merchandising that are used in such media campaigns can be themed by designing them according to the Ghaf tree themes. Conclusion All in all it is quite significant to save the Ghaf tree from its extinction due to the importance of the tree from an environmental benefit point of view and from a preservation of culture and heritage point of view. From a global point of view several nations have used their own flora as a symbol of their geographical presence and as the UAE enters the international arena as a major economic and multicultural hub in the region it is vital to use one of the oldest and most appreciated plants as a representation of the nations vegetation. Furthermore, the culture of the UAE is based on Islamic values and learning which as mentioned in the holy Quran mention the need to respect all the living creatures that lurk on this planet. The fact that this foundation is the basis of many aspects in the UAE has made the idea of placing efforts and further education ethically and morally corrects to respect one of the most foregone trees that has always been present even before the economic uproa r makes the Ghaf tree a preservation of the culture of the UAE. In the future when new generations are to come, the Ghaf trees that have been standing tall during our times will maintain their sturdy places and remind the unborn that these trees are the symbol of UAE culture and what has made the UAE and its leaders thrive to make the country what it really is.

Fluid Mechanics Lab

EN 1029 Laboratory Laboratory FM Declaration: In submitting this report, I hereby declare that, except where I have made clear and full reference to the work of others, this submission, and all the material (e. g. text, pictures, diagrams) contained in it, is my own work, has not previously been submitted for assessment, and I have not knowingly allowed it to be copied by another student. In the case of group projects, the contribution of group members has been appropriately quantified. I understand that deceiving, or attempting to deceive, examiners by passing off the work of another as my own is plagiarism.I also understand that plagiarising another's work, or knowingly allowing another student to plagiarise from my work, is against University Regulations and that doing so will result in loss of marks and disciplinary proceedings. I understand and agree that the University’s plagiarism software ‘Turnitin’ may be used to check the originality of the submitted cou rsework. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Theory 2. 1 Impact of a Water Jet 2. 2 Flow Through a Venturi Meter 3. Experimental procedures and results 3. 1 Experimental procedure – Impact of a Water Jet 3. Experimental procedure – Flow through a Venturi Meter 3. 3 Results– Impact of a Water Jet 3. 4 Results– Flow through a Venturi meter 4. Discussion 4. 1 Impact of a water jet 4. 2 Venturi meter 5. Conclusion 6. References Appendices Abstract Rate of flow was measured in two different experiments, Impact of a water jet and flow through a Venturi meter. The main objective was to calculate the change in momentum and energy loss in flow which was put under pressure. The experiment showed that results obtained can significantly defer from the theory if energy losses are not neglected. 1.Introduction Water is the most commonly used resource of renewable energy. In 21st century, hydropower is used in more than 150 countries around the world. It is also the most effici ent method of producing energy with 90% efficiency output. Impact of a Water Jet is used to show how mechanical work can be created from water flow. When a fluid is put under pressure, the pressure gives it high velocity in a jet. Jet strikes the vanes of the turbine wheel. This wheel then rotates under the impulse created by the water jet hitting the vanes. Venturi meter is used to measure discharge along a pipe.In this experiment, when pressure is dropped, there is an increase in velocity. Pressure magnitude is dependent on rate of flow, so by measuring the pressure drop, discharge can be calculated. Main objective of both experiments is to calculate rate of flow under pressure. 2. Theory 2. 1 Impact of a Water Jet From impulse-momentum change equation it can be assumed that force is generated due to the change in momentum of the water. In other words, force equals the difference between the initial and final momentum flow. Arrangement of jet impact apparatus used is given in Figu re 1 Figure 1Jet impinging on a vane is shown in Figure 2. Control volume V is used, bounded by a control surface S. The entering velocity is u1 (m/s) and it’s in the x –direction. The vane deflects water jet and the leaving velocity is u2 inclined at an angle ? 2 to the x – direction. Pressure over the surface of the jet, apart from the part where it flows over the surface of the vane is atmospheric. The change in direction is due to force generated by pressure and shear stress at the vane’s surface. The mass flow rate is . Mass flow rate is the mass of substance which passes through a given surface per unit time [kg/s].Experiment was done for flat and hemispherical vane. Figure 2 Force on the het in the direction x is FJ (N), then momentum equation in the s- direction is FJ =(u2 cos ? 2 – u1) (1) From Newton's Action- Reaction law, force F on the vane is equal and opposite to Fj F =(u1 – u2 cos ? 2 ) (2) For flat plate ? 2 = 90Â ° so cos ? 2 = 0. Therefore F =u1 (3) For the hemispherical cup, it’s assumed that ? 2 = 180Â ° so cos ? 2 = -1,so F =( u1 + u2 )(4) The effect of change of elevation on jet speed and the loss of speed due to friction over the surface of the vane is neglected.Therefore u1 = u2. So, F=2u1(5) If resistance forces are neglected, this is the maximum possible value of force on the hemispherical cup. Rate at which momentum enters the control volume, or rate of flow of momentum in the jet, is detonated by symbol J. J =u1(6) For the flat plate rate of flow of momentum in the jet is equal to the force on the vane. This is shown in equation (3). F=J(7) For the hemispherical cup, maximum possible value of the force is from equation (5) F=2J (8) If the velocity of the jet is uniform over it’s cross section it can be concluded that =? 1A (9) 2. 2 Flow Through a Venturi Meter Piezometer tubes were bored into a wall and links were made from a each of these to perpendicular manometer tubes, w hich were placed in front of a millimetre scale. Venturi meter is shown in Figure 3 Figure 3 It’s assumed that the fluid used is frictionless and incompressible, fluid flow is steady, and energy equation was derived along a stream line. Bernoulli’s theorem states that u122g+ h1 = u222g+ h2 = un22g+ hn (10) From continuity equation Q=U1A1=U2A2=UnAn(11) here Q is discharge rate( m3/s), and A is cross-sectional area of the pipe(m2) substituting for u1 gives u222ga2a12+ h1 = u222g+h2 (12) Solving equation (3) for u2 gives u2 =2g(h1-h2)1-a2a12 (13) From equation (4) Q=a22g(h1-h2)1-a2a12 (14) In previous equation it was assumed there was no energy loss in the flow and the velocity was constant. In reality, there is some energy loss and velocity is not uniform. Equation (5) is therefore corrected to Q=Ca22g(h1-h2)1-a2a12(15) Where C is the coefficient of the meter.Its value usually lies in within range 0. 92 to 0. 99. Ideal pressure distribution is given in equation (7) hn-h1 u222g=a2a12-a2an2 (16) 3. Experimental procedures and results 3. 1 Experimental procedure – Impact of a Water Jet The apparatus shown in Figure 1 was levelled and lever was balanced, with jockey weight at zero setting. Weight of the jockey was measured. Diameter of the nozzle, height of the vane above the nozzle and the distance from the pivot of the lever to the centre of the vane were recorder. Water was then released through the supply valve and flow rate increased to maximum.The force on the vane displaces the lever, which is then restored to its balanced position by sliding the jockey weight along the lever. The mass flow rate can be established by gathering of water over a timed interval. Additional readings are then taken at number of reducing flow rates. The most efficient way of reducing flow is to place jockey weight precisely at desired position, and then adjust the flow control valve to bring the lever to the balanced position. Range of settings of the jockey posi tion may be separated efficiently into uniform steps. 3. Experimental procedure – Flow through a Venturi Meter The objective of this experiment is to establish the coefficient of the meter C. Bench vale and control vale should be open so water can flow to clear air pockets from the supply system. The control valve is then progressively closed, so the meter is exposed to a steadily increasing pressure. This will cause water to pass up the tubes. When water levels have risen to a suitable height, the bench valve is slowly closed, so that, as both valves are lastly shut of, the meter is left holding static water under adequate pressure.Amounts were then recorded for values of (h1 –h2) and discharge value Q is recorded. The rate of flow is measured by gathering of water in weighing tank, whilst values of h1 and h2 were read from the scale. Similar readings may be taken at a sequence of reducing values of h1 –h2. About 6 readings, proportionately spread in the range of 250 mm to zero. By reading off from all the tubes at any of the settings used, the pressure distribution along the length of the Venturi meter may be logged. 3. 3 Results– Impact of a Water Jet Two sets of readings were taken, one for the flat plate other for the hemispherical plate.Table 1 contains readings for the flat plate and Table 2 results for the hemispherical plate. These tables can be found in Appendix 2. Mass flow is calculated by dividing the Quantity (kg) by Time (s) taken to collect water. Quantity should be converted to m3 where 1 kg water will be 1/1000 m3. e. g. If quantity is 30 kg, time taken is 52. 69 s, mass flow is 0. 569 103 x Q. Using the equation (9), u1 can be calculated. From uo2 = u12 – 2gs , uo can be deduced. For flat plate J can be calculated using equation (6). F is calculated from F X 150 = W x yData from Table 1 and 2 are plotted on a graph to give a comparison between forces and rate of momentum flow of the impact. Graph is present ed in Figure 4. Additional information are given in Apendex 2 Figure 4 (Series 1-flat plate, Series 2- hemispherical plate) 3. 4 Results– Flow through a Venturi meter Two sets of data were compared. Values shown in Table 4 are measurements of h1 and h2 at different discharges. In this part of the experiment C is assumed to be constant over a range of measurement. Closer inspection of Table 4 shows C is not constant as Q varies.Piezometer measurements are recorded in Table 5 and compared with ideal pressure distribution given In Table 3. Figure 5 Graph shown in Figure 5 gives variation of (h1 -h2)1/2 With Q. Equation of the graph line is y= 0. 581 x h1-h2=0. 581 x Qx 103 Q =5. 81 x 10-4h1-h2 (16) Substitute (16) in equation (15) to get a value of C. C= 0. 604 Figure 6 shows both ideal and set of results obtained in the experiment. Series 1 shows ideal pressure distribution, and series2 shows obtained results. Figure 6 4. Discussion 4. 1 Impact of a water jet Theory compares we ll with the experiment considering that the two lines have different gradients.In theory, gradients of lines are significantly steeper, and this might be because an error in the experiment occurred. Likely errors that might have occurred are measurements of mass of jockey weight; distance L from centre of vane to pivot of lever or diameter of water jet emerging from nozzle. If Mass of jockey was wrongly logged by 0. 001kg, Force on the vane would have 2% error. The graph that was obtained shows force on the hemisphere us less than twice the flat plate. This can be concluded from the line gradient. This implication is supported by the theory.In theory, no friction losses or any other kind of energy losses were included in equations. In the actual experiment, there were some energy losses like friction over the surface of the vane and effect of change of elevation on jet speed. It was assumed that velocity of the jet was uniform over its cross section, which would imply ideal flow. It ’s likely that this was not the case, and momentum gained by the change in velocity. 4. 2 Venturi meter Value of C determined in table A is higher than it theoretically should be. This is probably due errors that occurred in the experiment, like parallax rror. Air in pipes could have also caused an error in the experiment. Value of C obtained from Figure 5 gives a more realistic value of 0. 604. The difference between the ideal pressure results and values recorded in the experiment is acceptable considering the coefficient of the meter C that is not included in ideal pressure distribution. Flow of 1x 10-3 m3/s is expected to lie on a negative hn-h1u222g value. 5. Conclusion From both experiments it can be concluded that the flow was not ideal and there were significant energy losses that differ obtained results from theoretical results.In the impact of a water jet experiment it was proven that force on a flat plate is less than the force on the hemispherical plate. Therefore change in momentum flow was smaller. In the Venturi meter experiment it was shown that ideal pressure distribution differs from obtained results because energy losses effect the results. The errors in both experiments can affect the results significantly an lead to wrong assumptions. References Fluid Mechanics, Third Edition? JF Douglas, JM Gasiorek, JA Swafield? Longman Mechanics of Fluids? BS Massey, Van Nostrant Reinhold? Chapman & HallAppendix 1-Nomenclature Symbol| Quantity| SI units| F| Force| N| J| Rate of flow of momentum| N| u| velocity| m/s| | Mass flow rate| Kg/s| D| Diameter| m| h| height| m| A| Cross-section area| m2| ?| Angle of elevation| degrees| ?| density| Kg/m3| Appendix 2-Raw data Impact of a water jet Diameter of nozzleD= 10. 0 mm Cross sectional area of nozzle A =? D24=7. 85 x 10-5 m2 Height of vane above nozzle tips= 35 mm = 0. 035 m Distance from centre of vane to pivot of leverL= 150 mm Mass of jockey weightM= 0. 600 kg Weight of jockey weightW =Mg = 0. 600 x9. 81 =5. 89 NQuantity (kg)| T(s)| y(mm)| 103 x Q(m3/s)| U1(m/s)| U0(m/s)| J(N)| F(N)| 30| 52. 69| 65| 0. 569| 7. 25| 7. 20| 4. 13| 2. 55| 30| 57. 81| 55| 0. 519| 6. 61| 6. 56| 3. 43| 2. 16| 30| 61. 28| 45| 0. 490| 6. 24| 6. 18| 3. 06| 1. 77| 15| 22. 76| 35| 0. 659| 8. 40| 8. 36| 5. 54| 1. 37| 15| 28. 12| 25| 0. 533| 6. 80| 6. 75| 3. 62| 0. 98| 15| 37. 09| 15| 0. 404| 5. 15| 5. 08| 2. 08| 0. 59| 15| 75. 09| 5| 0. 200| 2. 54| 2. 40| 0. 51| 0. 196| Table 1 Quantity(kg)| T(s)| y(mm)| 103 x Q(m3/s)| U1(m/s)| U0(m/s)| J(N)| F(N)| 30| 52. 87| 120| 0. 567| 7. 23| 7. 18| 8. 24| 4. 71| 30| 56. 8| 105| 0. 527| 6. 72| 6. 67| 7. 08| 4. 12| 30| 60. 78| 90| 0. 494| 6. 29| 6. 24| 6. 21| 3. 53| 15| 21. 75| 75| 0. 690| 8. 79| 875| 6. 07| 2. 94| 15| 24. 60| 60| 0. 610| 7. 77| 7. 73| 9. 48| 2. 35| 15| 28. 32| 45| 0. 530| 6. 75| 6. 70| 7. 16| 1. 77| 15| 37. 32| 30| 0. 402| 5. 12| 5. 05| 4. 12| 1. 18| Table 2 Venturi Meter Piezometer Tube No. N| Diameter of cross-section(mm)| Areaa(m2)| | | | A(1)BCD(2 )EFGHJKL| 26. 0023. 2018. 4016. 0016. 8018. 4720. 1621. 8423. 5325. 2426. 00| 0. 0005310. 0004230. 0002660. 0002010. 0002220. 0002680. 0003190. 0003750. 0004350. 00050. 000531| 0. 150. 6900. 8701. 0000. 9520. 8660. 7940. 7330. 6800. 6340. 615| 0. 1430. 2260. 5721. 0000. 8230. 5630. 3970. 2880. 2140. 1610. 143| 0. 000-0. 083-0. 428-0. 857-0. 679-0. 420-0. 253-0. 145-0. 070-0. 0180. 000| Table 3 Quantity (kg)| T(s)| h1(mm)| h2(mm)| 103 x Q(m3/s)| (h1- h2)(mm)| (h1 -h2)1/2(mm)1/2| C| 12| 17. 67| 346| 20| 0. 679| 0. 326| 0. 571| 1. 236| 12| 17. 53| 346| 20| 0. 685| 0. 326| 0. 571| 1. 248| 12| 17. 60| 346| 20| 0. 682| 0. 326| 0. 571| 1. 242| 12| 20. 69| 330| 84| 0. 580| 0. 246| 0. 496| 1. 216| 12| 18. 40| 330| 84| 0. 652| 0. 246| 0. 496| 1. 367| 12| 19. 5| 330| 85| 0. 616| 0. 246| 0. 496| 1. 212| 12| 21. 36| 324| 114| 0. 562| 0. 210| 0. 458| 1. 275| 12| 20. 90| 324| 114| 0. 574| 0. 210| 0. 458| 1. 303| 12| 21. 13| 324| 114| 0. 568| 0. 210| 0. 458| 1. 289| 12| 20. 00| 336| 58| 0. 600| 0. 278| 0. 527| 1. 183| 12| 18. 31| 336| 58| 0. 655| 0. 278| 0. 527| 1. 292| 12| 19. 16| 336| 58| 0. 628| 0. 278| 0. 527| 1. 239| 6| 12. 23| 310| 176| 0. 491| 0. 134| 0. 366| 1. 395| 6| 12. 32| 310| 176| 0. 487| 0. 134| 0. 366| 1. 342| 6| 12. 28| 310| 176| 0. 489| 0. 134| 0. 366| 1. 389| 6| 17. 11| 298| 224| 0. 351| 0. 074| 0. 272| 1. 342| 6| 18. 5| 298| 224| 0. 317| 0. 074| 0. 272| 1. 212| 6| 18. 03| 298| 224| 0. 334| 0. 074| 0. 272| 1. 277| 6| 0| 296| 296| 0| 0| 0| 0| 6| 0| 296| 296| 0| 0| 0| 0| 6| 0| 296| 296| 0| 0| 0| 0| Table 4 Piezometer Tube No. | Q=0. 682 x 10-3u222g – 0. 587 m| | hn(mm)| hn – h1(m)| hn-h1u222g| A(1)| 346| 0. 000| 0| B| 328| -0. 018| -0. 0307| C| 202| -0. 144| -0. 245| D(2)| 20| -0. 326| -0. 555| E| 52| -0. 294| -0. 501| F| 142| -0. 204| -0. 348| G| 190| -0. 156| -0. 266| H| 224| -0. 122| -0. 208| J| 246| -0. 100| -0. 170| K| 264| -0. 082| -0. 140| L| 268| -0. 078| -0. 133| Table 5 Appendix C

Ophelia is very happy Essay

The Nunnery scene in the Gibson version occurs in a large open hallway or court, Claudius and Polonius observe from a balcony above, giving a slight suspenseful atmosphere with the thoughts of the crowd wondering if Hamlet will discover them or whether he knows they are there already. Ophelia is stood clutching some belongings and she tries to be very kind and considerate to Hamlet, and Hamlet seems to be acting strange towards her, but not nasty or violent at this stage, just a little preoccupied with his emotions and trying to demonstrate his antic disposition. Hamlet begins to speak with Ophelia quite strangely, with a very jumpy attitude, grabbing her and then pushing her away. Ophelia has obvious love for Hamlet yet she fears him because of his apparent madness. Hamlet sees the shadows of Claudius and Polonius, and suddenly has a more serious, less playful tone with her. He asks where her father is, and she replies with a lie, telling him he is at home. This is an obvious turning point for Hamlet as he suddenly becomes quite enraged, and is quite aggressive with Ophelia, pushing her and shouting loudly, as he makes his exit with an insult, declaring â€Å"I say, we will have no more marriages. Those that are married already, all but one, shall live; the rest shall keep as they are. † To me this scene is very successful in conveying all four of the characters thoughts, emotions and feelings for each other. Hamlet is busy plotting and scheming in his mind, yet becomes emotionally wounded by the fact Ophelia lies to him and betrays him to his enemy. Ophelia is torn between her father and her love for Hamlet, and when he tries to show his antic disposition to her, with the tense atmosphere increasing it becomes very apparent that she is doubting whether he loves her at all anymore. Claudius and Polonius both show slight emotion on their faces, seeming surprised at some of Hamlets strange and slightly insane reactions to Ophelia. In the Brannagh version, the scene takes place directly after the soliloquy as Shakespeare intended, and there are very high emotions between the two who obviously love each other strongly, with much hugging and kissing to start with. Also the atmosphere from the soliloquy scene is still in the air. Ophelia is very happy, and Claudius and Polonius observe from behind a mirror, quite inanimately. There is an obvious turn in Hamlets behaviour when she offers him the gifts back. He slaps them to the floor and begins to shout at her, then quite violently grabs her and drags her over to the mirrors in the hall where he one by one starts opening them looking for a spy, ranting and raving in quite an insane manner. He gets to the mirror where Claudius and Polonius are sat and presses Ophelia against it, and the audience are left unaware as to if Hamlet is aware of their presence or simply a suspicion or is completely oblivious, either way the mirror plays a role in this, Hamlet pressing her against it shows he is trying to make her look at herself and at her life, as he has been doing. He finishes his rant, then proceeds through the mirror to an empty room as Claudius and Polonius have already fled. This scene also has a lot of tension, with quick flying emotions and sudden changes of attitude toward one another. It is successful at showing Hamlets antic disposition to the audience, and makes Claudius and Polonius aware of his state. Also, it is apparent that Ophelia begins to doubt whether Hamlet really loves her or not, and allows the audience to really feel the raw emotions felt by each of the characters. In the Hawke version the scene takes place in Hamlets apartment, where Ophelia sits at a table with some gifts. They talk quite unemotionally in a laid back manner, Hamlet offers her a beer e. t. c. They begin to talk and they get quite emotional, or lustful, and begin kissing and groping in a sexual manner, and Hamlet opens her top and finds a wire which Ophelia seemed to have forgotten about in the heat and passion of the moment. Hamlet is angered and begins to shout, Ophelia is evidently distressed, Hamlet is quite aware that Claudius and Polonius are listening and shouts down the microphone, making it apparent to the audience that Hamlet feels distraught and betrayed. With his anger there is an obvious disappointment in his feelings as he believes that Ophelia loves him but she lied to him which saddens him greatly. The decision to play out this scene in a modern apartment is an innovative idea, and will appeal to a modern audience, but like the other scene it lacks the atmosphere, it leaves out a lot of the raw, heartfelt emotions which are conveyed much better by traditional settings and acting. Also, this version seems to focus on Hamlets depression, rather than on his humanity and contemplative states of mind, which again will relate to a modern audience more, but lacks a lot of his true character. Overall I think the three approaches were very well thought out and planned, and the use of language, settings and re-arranging the scenes worked well in all three versions, but overall I am more of a fan of the Zefferelli version, perhaps due to Gibson’s excellent portrayal of Hamlet as an unstable man with too much to deal with, but I felt he could get the emotional value the audience needs to really feel Hamlets character. Brannagh’s version also was very successful at conveying the emotional state of hamlet, but somewhat lacked the antic disposition part, which helps make Hamlet. The Hawke version was also very successful, but I feel it was trying to please the modern day audience rather than produce a really good Hamlet play, focusing on a depressing point, lacking the insane, raw emotional value the other versions succeeded in conveying.

Poverty Is Widespread In The United States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2040 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Gang Violence Essay Did you like this example? Final Paper Poverty is widespread in the United States and mainly affects children. Multiple risk factors families that are extremely poor, greatly increasing children’s risk for chronic health problems, school failure, and other poor outcomes. Social problems weaken a society’s stability but do not reflect fundamental faults in how the society is structured. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Poverty Is Widespread In The United States" essay for you Create order Solutions to social problems should take the form of gradual social reform rather than sudden and far-reaching change. Despite their negative effects, social problems often also serve important functions for society. Many people who live in poverty, have multiple generations living in one household. When large numbers of low-income people live together there are inherent problems as well. There are struggles in which it is physically difficult to get public transportation. For parents and children, there is a lack of amenities such as the supermarkets, internet and recreational areas or groups for children to stay active. Within these concentrated areas, they lack security, have higher rates of crime, and do not have the resources available to them unlike, non-poverty living households. Trends in family structure and other social, environmental, and emotional issues that affect families also are contributing factors to family poverty. It is estimated that almost one-third of children who are poor are poor because they live in a family headed by a single mother. Sixty-five percent of children who are poor versus 25% of children who are not poor live in households that do not include their biological father. (Childrensdefense.org. 2018) Fifty-five percent of children who live in single-parent, mother-only families are poor compared with only 10% of children in two-parent families. The loss of the wage-earning power of the absent parent, usually the father, compounded by the frequent failure of fathers to comply with child support judgments drive the majority of single-parent, female-headed families into poverty, regardless of whether the mother works. Trends in family structure and other social, environmental, and emotional issues that affect families also are contributing factors to family poverty. With a large effect of these social issues, this may lead to cause people to juvenile delinquency, which is showcased throughout each movie including just tangles of hopelessness, fear, and rejection; A Better Life (2011), Crips and Bloods: Made in America (2008), Gran Torino (2008), First by summarizing and comparing each plot, connecting the social issues to criminological theories in order to come to a greater understanding, as well as possible solutions in how to so avoid these issues in the future. A Better Life (2011) demonstrates the life of undocumented immigrants who merely working day by day in America in the hopes of ultimately living the American Dream. Carlos Galindo is a single father who is raising his fourteen-year-old son, Luis. They struggle to make ends meet but they persevere every day to do so. Luis is dating a girl who is affiliated with the gangs and his friend seems to be infatuated by the gang life as well. Being a single father, and constantly working there is not much they have on their own or any parental guidance happening in the home.On the other hand, Carlos’ attempts to improve his and his son’s life by having to seek work out on his own. Eventually, this leads him down a misfortune. He agrees to take over a colleague’s gardening business but by having a trusting heart, he finds his truck is stolen by the man he offered a job too. Luis steps up to fight for his dad’s truck and through this, they are able to regain their father and son connection but risks bringing his undocumented status to the attention of the law. In conclusion, they are pulled over by the police and Carlos is arrested and placed in prison as an illegal immigrant. He is quickly processed, and Luis gets to the prison just before Carlos is about to board a deportation bus. They both put their guard down to forgive one another for their behavior of not being there to help each other out and he’s deporter. Towards the end of the movie, they show the gang searching for Luis, while alone and hiding he decides to make things better for himself and his dad by focusing on soccer and school. Social problems weaken a society’s stability but do not reflect fundamental faults in how the society is structured. Solutions to social problems should take the form of gradual social reform rather than sudden and far-reaching change. Despite their negative effects, social problems often also serve important functions for society. Many people who live in poverty, have multiple generations living in one household. When large numbers of low-income people live together there are inherent problems as well. There are struggles in which it is physically difficult to get public transportation. For parents and children, there is a lack of amenities such as the supermarkets, internet and recreational areas or groups for children to stay active. Within these concentrated areas, they lack security, have higher rates of crime, and do not have the resources available to them unlike, non-poverty living households. Gran Torino (2008) is a movie in which depicts upon the story of a Korean war veteran, Walt Kowalski, who also happens to be a deep racist. There are many factors which lead up to him being so unhappy all the time. His wife had passed away and does not have a positive relationship with his grandchildren and judges heavily on his sons who questions his masculinity, he feels as if he gains no sense of independence due to him now being alone and older. He has killed Korean soldiers at war if he sees them as inferior. Throughout the film, he gets new neighbors and a large culture clash with his Hmong neighbors. He refuses to leave Detroit just because Latinos, blacks and now Asians have moved in and are involved in gangs. Walt has a realization that it is difficult for different types of people to get along due to the root of the issue being, there is a large lack of understanding. Furthermore, during the funeral reception at Walt’s house, he notices his new Hmongneighbors moving next door, a teenager Thao Vang Lor and his outspoken sister Sue. He is not excited about their presence including their widowed mother and grandmother. Thao is eventually confronted by his cousin Spider, who is a member of a Hmong gang. Thao hesitates to join but eventually gives into with peer pressure. he ritual offense that must be carried out by Thao is to steal the Gran Torino car, a prized possession car that Walt himself had helped build in his days as a worker at Ford, and which he maintains with particular dedication. Walt quickly has a realization that someone is trying to steal his car, and Thao has to flee. The failure of the ritual prevents the passage and integration of Thao into the gang. In this case, his initiation into the order of violence has failed. Despite the failure of the ritual, the Hmong gang tries again to assimilate Thao. It is at that moment that Thao’s true initiation occurs instead of being assimilated, initiated, by the Hmong gang he decides to pay much more attention to Walt. Crips and Bloods: Made in America (2008) is a documentary which primarily focuses on the emergence of gangs in Central Los Angeles. There are interviews which historians, educators, and African-American gang members like Kumasi speak upon the constant violence which occurred in the neighborhoods he grew up in. His story was told, along with other past gang members: Slausons Ron Wilkins and Bird for Stacy Peraltas documentary. Throughout the documentary, the hip-hop soundtrack (Public Enemy, Tupac, Gnarls Barkley), Crips and Bloods observes that 30 years of gang warfare left a large negative impact on those who lived it. Born into this circumstance, they all must make choices, in other words, so does the political and social system that reproduces the circumstance. Beginning with the 1950’s era where black and whites were forced to be kept separate which meant segregation and dark skin meant they were inferior and less valuable. Meaning, black children did not have the right to join the Boy Scouts of America, which resulted with African Americans beginning their own groups with their own rules and fed them a better sense of belonging and status. Continuing, the police practically demoralized African Americans and lasted for quite some time but, riots began forming due to the unfair treatment throughout Los Angeles because residents became angry and were no longer going to stand to live with poor living conditions they were being forced to live in. Years later, children idolized the fights that they viewed people in their neighborhood put up and children acted out in the same manner which many lacked any type of other direction in the community which with fights, guns, and a craving for a sense of belonging, formed the gangs of Crips and Bloods. Children heavily looked at gang life for protection, especially since many were raised with only a single mother from other opposing gangs by becoming victimizers instead of victims. Women are socialized into submissive roles and taught not to question the privilege of their male counterparts. Whereas, for men, Machismo is thought to be more dominant among U.S. Hispanic groups than non-Hispanic populations. However, these gender role characteristics are more likely to be attributed to men from more traditional cultures. Gender roles in patriarchal societies tend to perpetuate these roles. (Marsiglia Kulis, 2016, p. 86) â€Å"According to the National Youth Gang Survey, African American and/or Latino youth predominate among gang members. About half are Hispanic/Latino, one-third are African American, and about 10 percent European American.† (Siegel Welsh, 2014) African American gangs are across the nation with Bloods and Crips being rivals but known to do similar acts of delinquency as in distributing drugs, assault, robbery, and homicide. Latino Gangs are known for their loyalty to their home gang and in order to be involved in the gang, there is a ritual as to committing a crime to prove their machismo or masculinity. The concept of machismo is a culturally defined attribute associated with U.S. Mexican and other Latino men. â€Å"It has come to have a number of negative connotations, such as a chauvinistic and tyrannical male character, an exaggerated masculine posture, extramarital sexual activity, involvement in physical abuse and violence, displays of physical courage or daring, heavy drinking, and the imposition of restrictions on womens freedom of movement.† These negative machismo stereotypes result in prejudice and discriminatory behavior toward Mexican American and other Latino men. (Marsiglia Kulis, 2016, p. 11) Asian Gangs differentiate from traditional ethnic centered groups. They seem to be much more secretive. They are not as territorial, depending on the age of the member assigned the types of crimes being committed. Younger members of the gang to collect unpaid debts in gambling parlors in which elderly members run. Overall, each of the gangs they are either social or criminal they each have a common presence as in how they’re presented, involved in creating graffiti, and drugs. (Siegel Welsh, 2014.) Choice theory is the thought holding that people choose to engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions. This is theoretically through detailed planning and decision making designed to maximized personal gain and avoid capture and punishment. Overall it is an illegal act was done after weighing pros and cons motivated all by a variety of personal reasons greed, revenge, jealousy, need, anger, lust, thrill-seeking or vanity. (Akers, R. 1990) The following contributing factors are also background factors as in psychologically, the person may not be able to comprehend what is right from wrong. Social aspects is another, family and peers. In each one of the movies, there was multiple time where their peers would pressure them into doing something to prove their masculinity and determination. Another is demographics and consumption of drugs and alcohol. The person than contemplates and weighs the pros and cons as in their chances of getting caught, how severe the punishment may be, the reward of going through with it, and how bad they really need to go through with committing the crime.